Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics.
TTU Home College of Engineering P3E Home Faculty

Dr. Andreas Neuber

Contact Information

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-3102

Phone: (806)742-1250
Fax: (806)742-1281
andreas.neuber@ttu.edu

Education

Research Interests

Other Interests

Projects

Awards and Professional Societies

Publications


Journal

Publication Year:  2008
+ Compact Electro-Explosive Fuses for Explosive Driven Pulsed Power
  D. R. McCauley, D. W. Belt, J. J. Mankowski, J. C. Dickens, A. A. Neuber, and M. Kristiansen, "Compact Electro-Explosive Fuses for Explosive Driven Pulsed Power", to appear in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2008)
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Effects of UV Illumination on Surface Flashover under Pulsed Excitation
  J. T. Krile, A. A. Neuber, H. G. Krompholz, "Effects of UV Illumination on Surface Flashover under Pulsed Excitation", to appear in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2008)
Abstract:  Undesirable surface flashover of high voltage support structures can severely limit the compactness of open air high voltage systems. Only recently, increased effort has been invested in characterizing and quantifying the physical processes involved in surface flashover occurring under atmospheric conditions and under the influence of UV illumination. In this paper, a UV flash lamp and a solid-state UV source, with its much faster turn-off time, were utilized in conjunction with a high temporal resolution testing apparatus. The UV pulse, excitation voltage, discharge current, and flashover self-luminosity were measured with high temporal precision. We relate recent experiments to our experimental findings of surface flashover under atmospheric conditions gained over the past five years. A simple model that describes the observed behavior will be presented. In addition, a more advanced Monte Carlo-type code for electron collision dynamics will be utilized to further analyze the role of UV in surface flashover under atmospheric conditions.

[PDF]

+ High Current Surface Flashover in a High Pressure SF6 Environment
  J. Krile, A. Neuber, R. Vela, "High Current Surface Flashover in a High Pressure SF6 Environment", to appear in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2008)
Abstract:  Not Available
+ High Power Microwave System
  T. Holt, A. Young, M. Elsayed, J. Walter, A. Neuber, and M. Kristiansen, "High Power Microwave System", to appear in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2008)
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Imaging of High Power Microwave Induced Surface Flashover on a Corrugated Dielectric Window
  G. Edmiston, J. Krile, A. Neuber, "Imaging of High Power Microwave Induced Surface Flashover on a Corrugated Dielectric Window", to appear in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2008)
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Seed Electron Production from O- Ions under High Power Microwave Excitation
  G. F. Edmiston, A. A. Neuber, H. G. Krompholz, J. T. Krile, "Seed Electron Production from O- Ions under High Power Microwave Excitation", J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063303 (2008)
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  2007
+ Contributing Factors to Window Flashover Under Pulsed High Power Microwave Excitation at High Altitude
  G. Edmiston, A. Neuber, L. McQuage, J. Krile, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, "Contributing Factors to Window Flashover Under Pulsed High Power Microwave Excitation at High Altitude", IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 14, pp. 783-789 (2007)
Abstract:  One of the major limiting factors for the transmission of high power microwave (HPM) radiation is the interface between dielectric-vacuum or even more severely between dielectric-air if HPM is to be radiated into the atmosphere. Surface flashover phenomena which occur at these transitions severely limit the power levels which can be transmitted. It is of major technological importance to predict surface flashover events for a given window geometry, material and power level. When considering an aircraft based high power microwave platform, the effects on flashover formation due to variances in the operational environment corresponding to altitudes from sea level to 50,000 feet (760 to 90 Torr; 1 Torr=133.3 Pa) are of primary interest. The test setup is carefully designed to study the influence of each atmospheric variable without the influence of high field enhancement or electron injecting metallic electrodes. Experimental data of flashover delay times across different materials, such as polycarbonate, Teflonreg, and high density polyethylene as a function of background pressure and gas type, air, N2, argon are discussed. An empirical relationship between flashover field amplitude and delay time is given.

[PDF]

+ Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions with Unipolar Pulsed Voltage Excitation
  Morales, K.; Krile, J.; Neuber, A.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, [see also IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation], Volume 14, Issue 4, Aug. 2007 Page(s):774 - 782
Abstract:  Not Available

[PDF]

+ IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
  G. Edmiston, A. Neuber, L. McQuage, J. Krile, H. Krompholz, J. Dickens, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume: 14 , Issue: 4, Page(s): 783 - 789
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Interface Breakdown During High-Power Microwave Transmission
  Neuber, A. A.; Edmiston, G. F.; Krile, J. T.; Krompholz, H.; Dickens, J. C.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Volume 43, Issue 1, Part 2, Jan. 2007 Page(s):496
Abstract:  The major limiting factor in the transmission of narrowband high-power microwaves (HPM) has been the interface between vacuum-vacuum or even more severely between vacuum-air if HPM are to be radiated into the atmosphere. Extensive studies have identified the physical mechanisms associated with vacuum/dielectric flashover, as opposed to the mechanisms associated with dielectric/air flashover, which are not as well known. Due to the high electron collision frequencies (in the terahertz range) with the background gas molecules, established mitigation methods and concepts of vacuum/dielectric flashover will have to be re-evaluated. The primarily limiting factors of HPM transmission through a dielectric/air interface are presented based on recent experiments at 2.85 GHz. The physics of the involved mechanisms and their practical ramifications are discussed. The potential of surface roughness/geometry for flashover mitigation is addressed as

[PDF]

+ Pulsed Dielectric Surface Flashover in an SF6 Environment
  J. T. Krile, R. Vela, A. A. Neuber, and H. G. Krompholz, "Pulsed Dielectric Surface Flashover in an SF6 Environment", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 35, pp. 1580-1587 (2007)
Abstract:  A recently upgraded laser-triggered gas switch at Sandia National Laboratories has developed a failure mode that results in the breakdown spark tracking to the inside of the containment envelope. These breakdowns along the surface, or surface flashovers, degrade the performance of the overall switch, causing the switch to prefire in the successive shot. In the following, experimental results of pulsed surface flashover across different dielectric materials in SF6, primarily at atmospheric pressure, as well as flashover and volume breakdown in at pressures from 1.3 to 365.4 kPa are presented. In addition to fast voltage and current monitoring of the breakdown event, an increased emphasis was put on imaging the event as well as gathering optical emission spectra (~200-700 nm) from it. As much as possible, the small-scale experiments were designed to reproduce, at least partly, the conditions as they are found in the large 5-MV switch. An effort was made to determine what changes could be made to reduce the occurrence of surface flashovers, in addition to some broadly applicable conclusions on surface flashovers in an SF6 environment.

[PDF]

+ Spectral Analysis of Pulsed Volume Breakdown in SF6 at High Pressures
  Krile, J. T.; Vela, R.; Neuber, A. A.; Krompholz, H. G.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 35, Issue 4, Part 3, Aug. 2007 Page(s):1163 - 1169
Abstract:  The Z-machine, which is located at Sandia National Laboratories, is currently undergoing refurbishment to increase the output drive current. Due to increased switching voltage requirements, some switch failure modes have been identified with the laser-triggered gas switch design, including envelope surface flashover. In order to improve the performance and lifetime of these switches, a basic understanding of the underlying physics of the failure mechanisms is required. A small-scale experimental setup has been constructed to approximate conditions within the switch. The possible impact of the $hbox{SF}_{6}$ volume spark between the switch electrodes on the envelope surface flashover is investigated. Measured optical spectra of the $ hbox{SF}_{6}$ volume spark over a wide pressure range, from rough vacuum to 40 psig overpressure, are analyzed regarding their potential to contribute to switch failure

[PDF]

Publication Year:  2006
+ Conduction and breakdown mechanismsin transformer oil
  Butcher, M.; Neuber, A.A.; Cevallos, M.D.; Dickens, J.C.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 34, Issue 2, Part 3, April 2006 Page(s):467 - 475
Abstract:  With a fast coaxial test setup using high speed electrical and optical diagnostics, prebreakdown current pulses and shadowgraphy images are measured for direct current (dc) breakdown in Univolt 61 transformer oil. Also, dc currents across the gap are measured using a high sensitivity electrometer. The conduction and breakdown mechanisms in transformer oil as function of applied hydrostatic pressures are quantified. Together, this information provides data on the development of current flow in the system. We have identified three stages in the conduction process prior to breakdown for highly nonuniform fields. Stage 1 is characterized by a resistive current at low fields. Increasing the applied electric field lowers the effective barrier at the metal/dielectric interface allowing a "tunneling" mechanism to begin, leading to the rapid rise in the injection current observed in stage 2. In stage 3, at high fields, the current reaches space charge saturation with an apparent mobility of 3/spl middot/10/sup -3/ cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s prior to breakdown. The processes of final breakdown show a distinct polarity dependence. A strong pressure dependence of the breakdown voltage is recorded for negative needle/plane breakdown; a 50% reduction in breakdown voltage is observed when the hydrostatic pressure is lowered from atmospheric pressure to hundreds of mtorr. Positive needle discharges show a reduction of only about 10% in breakdown voltage for the reduced pressure case. Weak pressure dependence indicates the breakdown mechanism does not have a strong gaseous component. We will discuss possible links between conduction current and dc breakdown.

[PDF]

+ Design and implementation of a flux compression generator nonexplosive test bed for electroexplosive fuses
  D. Belt, J. Mankowski, A. Neuber, J. Dickens, and M. Kristiansen Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102; Departments of Electrical, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102; and Computer Engineering and Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol 77, Article 094702 (2006) (7 pages)
Abstract:  Helical flux compression generators (HFCGs) of a 50 mm form factor have been shown to produce output energies on the order of ten times the seeded value and a typical deposited energy of 3 kJ into a 3 µH inductor. By utilizing an electroexplosive fuse, a large dI/dt into a coupled load is possible. Our previous work with a nonoptimized fuse has produced ~100 kV into a 15 load, which leads into a regime relevant for high power microwave systems. It is expected that ~300 kV can be achieved with the present two-stage HFCG driving an inductive storage system with electroexploding fuse. In order to optimize the electroexplosive wire fuse, we have constructed a nonexplosive test bed which simulates the HFCG output with high accuracy. We have designed and implemented a capacitor based, magnetic switching scheme to generate the near exponential rise of the HFCG. The varying inductance approach utilizes four stages of inductance change and is based upon a piecewise linear regression model of the HFCG wave form. The nonexplosive test bed will provide a more efficient method of component testing and has demonstrated positive initial fuse results. By utilizing the nonexplosive test bed, we hope to reduce the physical size of the inductive energy storage system and fuse substantially. ©2006 American Institute of Physics

[PDF]

+ High-Power Microwave Surface Flashover of a Gas-Dielectric Interface at 90-760 torr
  Edmiston, G.; Krile, J.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 34, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2006 Page(s):1782 - 1788
Abstract:  The major limiting factor in the transmission of high-power microwave (HPM) has been the interface between dielectric–vacuum or, even more severely, between dielectric–air, if HPM is to be radiated into the atmosphere. Extensive studies have identified the physical mechanisms associated with vacuum–dielectric flashover, as opposed to the mechanisms associated with air–dielectric flashover, which are not as well known. Surface-flashover tests involving high field enhancement due to the presence of a triple point have shown that volume breakdown threshold (dielectric removed) is approximately 50% higher than the flashover threshold with a dielectric interface over the 90–760 torr range. In order to quantify the role of field enhancement in the flashover process independent of electron injection from metallic surfaces, the effects of the triple point are minimized by carefully choosing the geometry, and in some cases, the triple point is “removed” from the flashover location. Experimental results were presented, including the impact of gas pressure and the presence of UV illumination, along with temperature analysis of the developing discharge plasma and temporally resolved images of the flashover formation. These results are compared with literature data for volume breakdown in air, with discussion on the similarities and differences between the data.

[PDF]

+ Monte Carlo simulation of HPM window breakdown at atmospheric conditions
  John T. Krile, Andreas A. Neuber, Hermann G. Krompholz, and Thomas L. Gibson, Monte Carlo simulation of HPM window breakdown at atmospheric conditions. Applied Physics Letters vol. 89, 201501 (2006).
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Phenomenology of subnanosecond gas discharges at pressures below one atmosphere
  Krompholz, H.G.; Hatfield, L.L.; Neuber, A.A.; Kohl, K.P.; Chaparro, J.E.; Han-Yong Ryu; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 34, Issue 3, Part 3, June 2006 Page(s):927 -
Abstract:  Volume breakdown and surface flashover in quasi-homogeneous applied fields in 10/sup -5/ to 600 torr argon and dry air are investigated, using voltage pulses with 150 ps risetime, <1ns duration, and up to 150 kV amplitude into a matched load. The test system consists of a transmission line, a transition to a biconical section, and a test gap, with gap distances of about 1mm. The arrangement on the other side of the gap is symmetrical. Diagnostics include fast capacitive voltage dividers, for determination of voltage waveforms in the gap, and conduction current waveforms through the gap. X-ray diagnostics use a scintillator-photomultiplier combination with different absorber foils yielding coarse spectral resolution. Optical diagnostics include use of a streak camera to get information on the discharge channel geometry and dynamics, and temporally resolved measurements with photomultipliers. Breakdown delay times are on the order of 100-400 ps, with minima occurring in the range of several 10torr. X-ray emission extends to pressures >100 torr, indicating the role of runaway electrons during breakdown. Maximum X-ray emission coincides with shortest breakdown delay times at several 10 torr. Simple modeling using the average force equation and cross sections for momentum transfer and ionization supports the experimental results

[PDF]

+ Pulsed dielectric surface flashover in nitrogen at atmospheric conditions
  Morales, K.P.; Krile, J.T.; Neuber, A.A.; Krompholz, H.G.; IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Volume 13, Issue 4, Aug. 2006 Page(s):803 - 809
Abstract:  Dielectric flashover along insulators in vacuum has been comprehensively researched in the past. Less studied, but of similar importance, is surface flashover at atmospheric pressures and the impact of an atypical electrode geometry, humidity, and ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Previous research has shown distinct discharge behavior in air and nitrogen environments for an electrode geometry in which the applied electric field lines curve above the dielectric surface. It was concluded that the discharge development path, whether along the electric field lines or the surface of the dielectric, is related to the oxygen content in the atmospheric background. It is believed that this dependence is due to the discharge’s production of UV radiation in an oxygen rich environment. Thus, experiments were conducted in a nitrogen environment employing UV surface illumination in order to observe the affects on the flashover spark behavior. From the experimental data, it can be ascertained that UV illumination and intensity play a significant role in the discharge development path. Based on these results an explanation of the physical mechanisms primarily involved in unipolar surface flashover will be presented. Additional experiments regarding the effects of humidity on the discharge behavior will be discussed as well.

[PDF]

+ Similarities Of Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions for Pulsed Unipolar and RF Excitation
  J. Krile, G. Edmiston, K. Morales, A. Neuber, H. Krompholz, and M. Kristiansen, Similarities Of Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions for Pulsed Unipolar and RF Excitation, Laser Physics in Special Issue "Plasma, Beams, and Lasers" Dedicated to Professor Gennady A. Mesyats on his 70th Birth Anniversary, vol. 16, pp. 194-201, 2006.
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  2005
+ DC and Pulsed Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Pressure
  Krile, J.T.; Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Krompholz, H.G.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 33, Issue 4, Part 1, Aug. 2005 Page(s):1149 - 1154
Abstract:  In a wide variety of high-voltage applications surface flashover plays a major role in the system's performance and yet has not been studied in great detail for atmospheric conditions with modern diagnostic tools. Environmental conditions to be considered include pressure, humidity, and gas present in the volume surrounding the dielectric. In order to gain knowledge into the underlying process involved in dielectric surface flashover, a setup has been created to produce and closely monitor the flashover event. Surface flashover for both direct current and pulsed voltages is considered. Within the setup, parameters such as geometry, material, and temporal characteristics of the applied voltage can be altered. Current, voltage, and luminosity are measured with nanosecond to sub-nanosecond resolution. Previously measured optical emission spectra is also discussed.

[PDF]

+ Design and optimization of a compact, repetitive, high-power microwave system
  Y. J. Chen, A. A. Neuber, J. Mankowski, J. C. Dickens, and M. Kristiansen Texas Tech University, Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102 R. Gale Texas Tech University, Nano Tech Center, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3102 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol 76, Article 104703 (2005) (8 pages)
Abstract:  The electrical characteristics and design features of a low inductance, compact, 500 kV, 500 J, 10 Hz repetition rate Marx generator for driving an high-power microwave (HPM) source are discussed. Benefiting from the large energy density of mica capacitors, four mica capacitors were utilized in parallel per stage, keeping the parasitic inductance per stage low. Including the spark-gap switches, a stage inductance of 55 nH was measured, which translates with 100 nF capacitance per stage to ~18.5 characteristic Marx impedance. Using solely inductors, ~1 mH each, as charging elements instead of resistors enabled charging the Marx within less than 100 ms with little charging losses. The pulse width of the Marx into a matched resistive load is about 200 ns with 50 ns rise time. Repetitive HPM generation with the Marx directly driving a small virtual cathode oscilator (Vircator) has been verified. The Marx is fitted into a tube with 30 cm diameter and a total length of 0.7 m. We discuss the Marx operation at up to 21 kV charging voltage per stage, with repetition rates of up to 10 Hz in burst mode, primarily into resistive loads. A lumped circuit description of the Marx is also given, closely matching the experimental results. Design and testing of a low cost, all-metal Vircator cathode will also be discussed. ©2005 American Institute of Physics

[PDF]

+ Guest Editorial Special Issue on Power Modulators and Repetitive Pulsed Power
  Kirkici, H.; Neuber, A.; Umstattd, R.J.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 33, Issue 4, Part 1, Aug. 2005 Page(s):1134 - 1135
Abstract:  Not Available

[PDF]

+ Imaging of dielectric surface flashover in atmospheric conditions
  Krile, J.; Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 33, Issue 2, Part 1, Apr 2005 Page(s):270 - 271
Abstract:  Using a gated intensified digital charge coupled device (ICCD) camera, the development of flashovers across a dielectric surface has been imaged in various gasses at atmospheric pressures. The arc displayed a strong tendency to develop close to the surface, as opposed to following the electric field line leading away from the surface, when oxygen is present in the environment. These findings along with spectroscopy data help to yield a better understanding of the processes involved in surface flashover.

[PDF]

+ Imaging of negative polarity dc breakdown streamer expansion in transformer oil due to variations in background pressure
  Cevallos, M.D.; Butcher, M.; Dickens, J.; Neuber, A.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 33, Issue 2, Part 1, April 2005 Page(s):494 - 495
Abstract:  The breakdown physics of transformer oil is investigated using high speed electrical and optical diagnostics. Experiments are done in self-breakdown mode utilizing a needle/plane geometry. Shadowgraphy combined with high-speed electrical diagnostics are aimed at measuring streamer expansion as a function of external pressure. Assuming a breakdown mechanism for negative needle based on bubble formation with subsequent carrier amplification in the gas phase implies a pressure dependence, which is observed in the experiments, i.e. the expansion velocity decreases with increasing pressure.

[PDF]

+ Microbubble-based model analysis of liquid breakdown initiation by a submicrosecond pulse
  J. Qian, R. P. Joshi, J. Kolb, and K. H. Schoenbach, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, M. Butcher, M. Cevallos, and H. Krompholz, E. Schamiloglu and J. Gaudet, "Microbubble-based model analysis of liquid breakdown initiation by a submicrosecond pulse," J. Appl. Phys. 97, 113304, 2005.
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  2004
+ DC flashover of a dielectric surface in atmospheric conditions
  Krile, J.T.; Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Krompholz, H.G.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 32, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2004 Page(s):1828 - 1834
Abstract:  Surface flashover is a major consideration in a wide variety of high-voltage applications, and yet has not been studied in great detail for atmospheric conditions, with modern diagnostic tools. Environmental conditions to be considered include pressure, humidity, and gas present in the volume surrounding the dielectric. In order to gain knowledge into the underlying process involved in dielectric surface flashover, a setup has been created to produce and closely monitor the flashover event. Within the setup parameters such as geometry, material, and temporal characteristics of the applied voltage can be altered. Current, voltage, luminosity, and optical emission spectra are measured with nanosecond to subnanosecond resolution. Spatially and temporally resolved light emission data is also gathered along the arc channel. Our fast imaging data show a distinct trend for the spark in air to closely follow the surface even if an electrical field with a strong normal component is present. This tendency is lacking in the presence of gases such as nitrogen, where the spark follows more closely the electric field lines and develops away from the surface. Further, the breakdown voltage in all measured gases decreases with increasing humidity, in some cases as much as 50% with an increase from 10% relative humidity to 90% relative humidity.

[PDF]

+ Magnetic flux compression Generators
  Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Proceedings of the IEEE Volume 92, Issue 7, July 2004 Page(s):1205 - 1215
Abstract:  Magnetic flux compression generators offer the largest pulsed power output per unit size or weight when compared with other more conventional systems. They have found widespread use as pulsed power sources for hydrodynamics programs and high magnetic field research at national laboratories or in commercial applications, including exploration for oil and minerals and mine detection. Also, due to their nature as a true one-time-use device with superior energy density, a large portion of applications is defense related. A variety of basic magnetic flux compression generator designs have been developed and tested during the past four decades. All of them rely on the explosive-driven deformation of a system of conductors having an initial, preferably large, inductance. The most successful basic design is the helical flux compression generator, which is capable of producing a high-energy output into large impedance loads, just as it is needed for a practical pulsed power source. This paper will review the advances and state of the art of primarily helical magnetic flux compression generators mainly developed as pulsed power sources and will offer new insights gained as a result of a recently completed five-year AFOSR/DoD Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative program that studied the basic physics and engineering aspects of helical flux compression generators

[PDF]

+ Modern Pulsed Power: Charlie Martin and Beyond
  Schamiloglu, E.; Barker, R.J.; Gundersen, M.; Neuber, A.A.; Proceedings of the IEEE on Pulsed Power Technology, Volume 92, Issue 7, July 2004 Page(s):1014 - 1020
Abstract:  In this introduction to the Special Issue on pulsed power and its applications, background information is provided for the nonspecialist to better understand the many challenges in designing pulsed power systems, and the wide diversity of applications that are now emerging. The approach to providing a tutorial on pulsed power technology is to make available to the reader the paper written by J. C. Martin which appeared in a Special Section of the Proceedings of the IEEE on pulsed power technology in June 1992. That paper is supplemented in this introduction with additional information that complements many of the invited papers composing this Special Issue.

[PDF]

+ Quantification of ohmic and intrinsic flux losses in helical flux compression Generators
  Hernandez, J.C.; Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 32, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2004 Page(s):1902 - 1908
Abstract:  Helical magnetic flux compression generators (MFCGs) are the most promising energy sources with respect to their current amplification and compactness. They are able of producing high current pulses required in many pulsed power applications with at least one order of magnitude higher energy density than capacitive storage with similar discharge characteristics. However, the main concern with MFCGs is their intrinsic flux loss that limits severely their performance and which is not yet well understood. In general, all flux losses have a differing degree of impact, depending on the generator's volume, current and energy amplification, size of the driven load, and angular frequency of armature-helix contact point. Although several computer models have been developed in the open literature, none of them truly quantify, starting from basic physics principles, the ohmic and intrinsic flux losses in helical MFCGs. This paper describes a novel method that provides a separate calculation of intrinsic flux losses (flux that is left behind in the conductors and lost for compression) and ohmic losses, being especially easy to implement and fast to calculate. We also provide a second method that uses a simple flux quantification, making a mathematical connection between the intrinsic flux losses, quantified by the first method, and the intrinsic flux losses observed in the generators. This second method can also be used to a priori estimate the MFCG performance. Further, we will show experimental and calculated data and discuss the physical efficiency limits and scaling of generator performance at small sizes.

[PDF]

+ Research issues in developing compact pulsed power for high peak power applications on mobile platforms
  Gaudet, J.A.; Barker, R.J.; Buchenauer, C.J.; Christodoulou, C.; Dickens, J.; Gundersen, M.A.; Joshi, R.P.; Krompholz, H.G.; Kolb, J.F.; Kuthi, A.; Laroussi, M.; Neuber, A.; Nunnally, W.; Schamiloglu, E.; Schoenbach, K.H.; Tyo, J.S.; Vidmar, R.J.; Proceedings of the IEEE on Pulsed Power, Volume 92, Issue 7, July 2004 Page(s):1144 - 1165
Abstract:  Pulsed power is a technology that is suited to drive electrical loads requiring very large power pulses in short bursts (high-peak power). Certain applications require technology that can be deployed in small spaces under stressful environments, e.g., on a ship, vehicle, or aircraft. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) launched a long-range (five-year) Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) to study fundamental issues for compact pulsed power. This research program is endeavoring to: 1) introduce new materials for use in pulsed power systems; 2) examine alternative topologies for compact pulse generation; 3) study pulsed power switches, including pseudospark switches; and 4) investigate the basic physics related to the generation of pulsed power, such as the behavior of liquid dielectrics under intense electric field conditions. Furthermore, the integration of all of these building blocks is impacted by system architecture (how things are put together). This paper reviews the advances put forth to date by the researchers in this program and will assess the potential impact for future development of compact pulsed power systems

[PDF]

+ Scanning the Technology
  E. Schamiloglou, R. J. Barker, M. Gunderson, and A. A. Neuber, “Scanning the Technology,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 92, pp. 1014-1020, 2004.
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  2003
+ Helical MFCG For Driving A High Inductance Load
  Andreas A. Neuber, Juan-Carlos Hernández, James C. Dickens, Magne Kristiansen, Electromagnetic Phenomena, vol. 3, pp. 397-404, (2003).
Abstract:  Even at small dimensions of less than 0.5 meter in length end-initiated helical magnetic flux compression generators (MFCG) have at least one order of magnitude higher energy density (by weight or volume) than capacitive energy storage with similar discharge time characteristics. However, simple MFCGs with a single helix produce high output energy only into low inductance loads, thus producing several 100 kA of current at a voltage level of less than 10 kV. Many pulsed power devices require less current but a considerably higher voltage level. For effectively driving a high inductance load of several µH, a multistage MFCG design has been suggested. We successfully tested a dual stage MFCG with a total length of 250 mm, a helix inner diameter of 51 mm, which is wound with Teflon insulated stranded wire of different sizes in the range from AWG 12 to AWG 22. We have presently achieved an energy gain of ~ 13 into a 3 µH load and will discuss the generator performance based on experimental current/voltage waveforms and specify the observed losses.

[PDF]

Publication Year:  2002
+ Field enhanced microwave breakdown in a plasma limiter
  Mankowski, J.J.; Hemmert, D.; Neuber, A.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 30, Issue 1, Part 1, Feb. 2002 Page(s):102 - 103
Abstract:  A new type of plasma limiter is being developed which can turn on in less than 1 ns. The approach taken is to initiate streamer breakdown via a micron radius needle tip. Images were taken of the gap region in argon at several pressures in order to investigate the role of the tip region

[PDF]

+ High-speed optical diagnostic of an exploding wire fuse
  Giesselmann, M.; Heeren, T.; Neuber, A.; Walter, J.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 30, Issue 1, Part 1, Feb. 2002 Page(s):100 - 101
Abstract:  Explosive flux compression generators generate hundreds of kiloamperes and voltages of a few kilovolts. A power conditioning stage is required since typically voltages in the hundreds of kilovolts range are needed. Inductive energy storage systems with an opening switch provide the necessary voltage gain. In our application, the opening switch has been implemented as an exploding wire fuse. The voltage gain, and hence the performance of the system, is greatly dependent on the opening switch. We utilized high-speed optical imaging (up to 107 pictures/s) to assess the performance of the exploding wire fuse

[PDF]

+ Thermodynamic state of the magnetic flux compression generator volume
  Neuber, A.; Holt, T.; Dickens, J.C.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 30, Issue 5, Part 1, Oct. 2002 Page(s):1659 - 1664
Abstract:  The thermodynamic state of the gas trapped in the volume of helical magnetic flux compression generators was measured using optical emission spectroscopy and fast pressure probes. Three main stages of operation are discussed: (1) the initial stage, which can be represented by a freely expanding armature, that shows fairly low gas temperatures, as low as 2000 K; (2) the intermediate stage during 14-4 /spl mu/s before generator burnout that exhibits mainly an atomic copper line transition at about 0.8 eV; (3) the last few /spl mu/s that reveal a highly compressed gas with temperatures of about 5000 K and pressures of about 1500 bar. Most experiments were conducted in air, initially at STP, some results are given for argon and sulfur hexafluoride initially at one atmosphere. Additionally, the thermodynamic state is linked to the electrical volume breakdown threshold via simple resistance measurements that were conducted in current-free flux compression generators.

[PDF]

Publication Year:  2001
+ Electrical behavior of a simple helical flux compression generator for code benchmarking
  Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Cornette, J.B.; Jamison, K.; Parkinson, E.R.; Giesselmann, M.; Worsey, P.; Baird, J.; Schmidt, M.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 29, Issue 4, Aug. 2001 Page(s):573 - 581
Abstract:  A variety of basic magnetic flux compression (MFC) generator geometries have been tested during the last three decades. Though size and operating regimes differ widely, it is apparent that the helical flux compression generator is the most promising concept with respect to current amplification and compactness. Though the geometry of the helical generator (dynamically expanding armature in the center of a current carrying helix) seems to be basic, it turns out that the understanding of all involved processes is rather difficult. This fact is apparent from the present lack of a computer model that is solely based on physical principles and manages without heuristic factors. A simple generator was designed to address flux and current losses of the helical generator. The generator's maximum current amplitude is given as a function of the seed current and the resulting “seed-current” spread is compared to the output of state-of-the-art computer models. Temporally resolved current and current time derivative signals are compared as well. The detailed generator geometry is introduced in order to facilitate future computer code bench marking or development. The impact of this research on the present understanding of magnetic flux losses in helical MFC generators is briefly discussed

[PDF]

+ Studies on a Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator
  A. Neuber, J. Dickens, M. Giesselmann, M. Kristiansen, B. Freeman, D. Dorsey, P. Worsey, J. Baird, M. Schmidt, “Studies on a Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generator”, Paper 2000-01-3617, Journal of Aerospace, SAE 2000 Transactions, Section 1, ISBN 0-7680-0840-9, © 2001, p. 865…869.
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  2000
+ Dielectric/Gas Interface Breakdown Caused by High Power Microwaves
  D. Hemmert, A. Neuber, H. Krompholz, L.L Hatfield, and M. Kristiansen: Dielectric/Gas Interface Breakdown Caused by High Power Microwaves. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams, June 25-30, 2000, Nagaoka, Japan, invited.
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Microwave magnetic field effects on high-power microwave window breakdown
  Hemmert, D.; Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H.; Hatfield, L.L.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 28, Issue 3, June 2000 Page(s):472 - 477
Abstract:  Microwave window breakdown in vacuum is investigated for an idealized geometry, where a dielectric slab is located in the center of a rectangular waveguide with its normal parallel to the microwave direction of propagation. An S-band resonant ring with a frequency of 2.85 GHz and a power of 60 MW is used. With field enhancement tips at the edges of the dielectric slab, the threshold power for breakdown is observed to be dependent on the direction of the microwaves; i.e., it is approximately 20% higher for the downstream side of the slab than it is for the upstream side. Simple trajectory calculations of secondary electrons in an RF field show a significant forward motion of electrons parallel to the direction of microwave propagation. Electrons participating in a saturated secondary avalanche on the upstream side are driven into the surface, and electrons on the downstream side are driven off the surface, because of the influence of the microwave magnetic field. In agreement with the standard model of dielectric surface flashover for dc conditions (saturated avalanche and electron-induced outgassing), the corresponding change in the surface charge density is expected to be proportional to the applied breakdown threshold electric field parallel to the surface

[PDF]

+ Optical diagnostics on helical flux compression generators
  Neuber, A.A.; Dickens, J.C.; Krompholz, H.; Schmidt, M.F.C.; Baird, J.; Worsey, P.N.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 28, Issue 5, Oct. 2000 Page(s):1445 - 1450
Abstract:  Explosively driven magnetic flux compression (MFC) has been object of research for more than three decades. Actual interest in the basic physical picture of flux compression has been heightened by a newly started Department of Defense (DoD) Multi-University Research Initiative. The emphasis is on helical flux compression generators comprising a hollow cylindrical metal liner filled with high explosives and at least one helical coil surrounding the liner. After the application of a seed current, magnetic flux is trapped and high current is generated by moving, i.e., expanding, the liner explosively along the winding of the helical coil. Several key factors involved in the temporal development can be addresses by optical diagnostics. 1) The uniformity of liner expansion is captured by framing camera photography and supplemented by laser illuminated high spatial and temporal resolution imaging. Also, X-ray flash photography is insensitive to possible image blur by shockwaves coming from the exploding liner. 2) The thermodynamic state of the shocked gas is assessed by spatially and temporally resolved emission spectroscopy. 3) The moving liner-coil contact point is a possible source of high electric losses and is preferentially monitored also by emission spectroscopy. Since optical access to the region between liner and coil is not always guaranteed, optical fibers can he used to extract light from the generator. The information so gained will give, together with detailed electrical diagnostics, more insight in the physical loss mechanisms involved in MFC

[PDF]

+ The role of outgassing in surface flashover under vacuum
  Neuber, A.A.; Butcher, M.; Krompholz, H.; Hatfield, L.L.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 28, Issue 5, Oct. 2000 Page(s):1593 - 1598
Abstract:  Results of high-speed electrical and optical diagnostics are used as a basis to discuss a new surface flashover model. Outgassing, caused by electron stimulated desorption, is found to play a crucial role in the temporal flashover development. Dielectric unipolar surface flashover under vacuum is experimentally characterized by a three-phase development, which covers a current range from 10-4 A to 100 A. Phase one comprises a fast (several nanoseconds) buildup of a saturated secondary electron avalanche reaching current levels of 10 to 100 mA. Phase two is associated with a slow current amplification reaching currents in the Ampere level within typically 100 ns. The final phase is characterized by a fast current rise up to the impedance-limited current on the order of 100 A. The development during phase two and three is described by a zero-dimensional model, where electron-induced outgassing leads to a Townsend-like gas discharge above the surface. This is supported by time-resolved spectroscopy that reveals the existence of excited atomic hydrogen and ionic carbon before the final phase. The feedback mechanism toward a self-sustained discharge is due to space charge leading to an enhanced field emission from the cathode. A priori unknown model parameters, such as outgassing rate and gas density buildup above the surface, are determined by fitting calculated results to experimental data. The significance of outgassing is also discussed with a view to microwave surface flashover

[PDF]

Publication Year:  1999
+ Dielectric surface flashover in vacuum at 100 K
  Neuber, A.; Butcher, M.; Hatfield, L.L.; Kristiansen, M.; Krompholz, H.; IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, [see also IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation], Volume 6, Issue 4, Aug. 1999 Page(s):512 - 515
Abstract:  Cryogenic components in high power electrical systems and in power electronics gain more and more importance. The behavior of insulators for cryogenic conditions, however, is virtually unknown. In a fast coaxial setup, dielectric test sample and electrodes in vacuum are cooled to <100 K and flashover is characterized using fast electrical and optical diagnostics. Three consecutive development stages for flashover in self-breakdown mode with a gap distance of 0.5 cm can be distinguished: (1) a fast current rise to mA amplitudes within ~2 ns, probably associated with field emission, followed by, (2) a slow current rise to ~5 to 10 A amplitude with duration of 40 ns to 1 µs, associated with secondary emission avalanche saturation, and (3) a transition to a rapid gaseous ionization above the sample caused by electron induced outgassing, leading to impedance-limited current amplitudes of ⩽300 A. Phase (1) shows a higher final current at lower temperature, which is probably due to a higher initial velocity of the secondary electrons, the duration of phase (2) is a decreasing function of breakdown voltage and only slightly dependent on temperature, which points to a weak temperature dependence of the outgassing process. Flashover potentials show a slight increase at lower temperature

[PDF]

+ Electric Current in DC Surface Flashover in Vacuum
  A. Neuber, M. Butcher, L. L. Hatfield, and H. Krompholz: Electric Current in DC Surface Flashover in Vacuum. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 15, 3084-3091 (1999)
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Imaging of high-power microwave-induced surface flashover
  Neuber, A.; Hemmert, D.; Dickens, J.; Krompholz, H.; Hatfield, L.L.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 27, Issue 1, Feb. 1999 Page(s):138 - 139
Abstract:  Using two gated intensified digital charge-coupled device cameras, one sensitive in the near infrared to ultraviolet region and one in the soft X-ray region, the temporal development of high-power microwave-induced surface flashover across a vacuum/dielectric interface has been imaged. The emission of X-ray radiation from the interface is caused by field emitted electrons accelerated in the high electromagnetic field impacting the solid. This generation of bremsstrahlung terminates at the moment of full flashover development that is indicated by the optical light emission. A rising plasma density above the dielectric surface due to electron induced outgassing triggers this behavior

[PDF]

+ Initiation of High Power Microwave Dielectric Interface Breakdown
  A. Neuber, D. Hemmert, H. Krompholz, L. Hatfield, and M. Kristiansen: Initiation of High Power Microwave Dielectric Interface Breakdown. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 86, 1724-1728 (1999).
Abstract:  Not Available
Publication Year:  1998
+ Finite Rate Chemistry and NO Molefraction in Non-Premixed Turbulent Flames
  A. Neuber, G. Krieger, M. Tacke, E. Hassel, and J. Janicka: Combustion and Flame, vol. 113, 198-211 (1998)
Abstract:  Finite rate chemistry is investigated in turbulent N2-diluted H2 diffusion flames by means of laser spectroscopic methods and a numerical model of combustion. The major species occurring in these hydrogen flames or the temperature are measured with SRS (Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy) or Rayleigh spectroscopy. Some minor species, the radical OH and the pollutant NO, are simultaneously measured with linear LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence). Multidimensional pdfs (probability density function) can be deduced from these measurements. Use is made of a numerical model with two principal variables, mixture fraction ? and reaction progress variable ?, as a basis for discussion of the experimental results. A k-e-turbulence model together with a two-dimensional presumed pdf for the coupling of turbulence and chemistry are applied. So, experimental two-dimensional pdfs as well as mean values of ? and ? as functions of the position in the flame are deduced from the simultaneous measurements. The experimental and theoretical spatial maxima of the mean OH molefraction agree well in magnitude, despite the correlation coefficient between ? and ? of the measured pdf can be as high as 0.5. The neglect of this covariance for the calculation of the presumed pdf is quantified. It results in clear deviations for the OH molefraction. The experimental NO and OH molefractions are better simulated by flame calculations carried out with the presented combustion model than by the also shown calculations based on a single variable for description of chemistry.

[PDF]

+ Window breakdown caused by high-power microwaves
  Neuber, A.; Dickens, J.; Hemmert, D.; Krompholz, H.; Hatfield, L.L.; Kristiansen, M.; IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Volume 26, Issue 3, June 1998 Page(s):296 -
Abstract:  Physical mechanisms leading to microwave breakdown on windows are investigated for power levels on the order of 100 MW at 2.85 GHz. The test stand uses a 3-MW magnetron coupled to an S-band traveling wave resonator. Various configurations of dielectric windows are investigated. In a standard pillbox geometry with a pressure of less than 10-6 Pa, surface discharges on an alumina window and multipactor-like discharges starting at the waveguide edges occur simultaneously. To clarify physical mechanisms, window breakdown with purely tangential electrical microwave fields is investigated for special geometries. Diagnostics include the measurement of incident/reflected power, measurement of local microwave fields, discharge luminosity, and X-ray emission. All quantities are recorded with 0.21-ns resolution. In addition, a framing camera with gating times of 5 ns is used. The breakdown processes for the case with a purely tangential electric field is similar to DC flashover across insulators, and similar methods to increase the flashover field are expected to be applicable

[PDF]

Conference Paper/Presentation

Publication Year:  2007
+ Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions under High Power Microwave Excitation
  A. Neuber, J. T. Krile, G. F. Edmiston, H. G. Krompholz, "Dielectric Surface Flashover at Atmospheric Conditions under High Power Microwave Excitation", Phys. Plasmas 14, 057102 (2007) (invited).
Abstract:  Not Available
+ Dielectric Surface Flashover under Pulsed Unipolar and RF Excitation
  A. Neuber,